In English, Wikipedia says these started out as superscripts: 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, but during the 20 th century they migrated to the baseline: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th. So the practice started during the Roman empire, and probably was continuously used since then in the Romance languages. I don't know when it was adopted in English.
The 4th is next to last or last but one (penultimate). The 3rd is second from (or to) last or last but two (antepenultimate). The 2nd, is third from (or to) last or last but three. According to Google Ngram Viewer there are some occurrences of preantepenultimate in the corpus. As for dialect, you will rarely see the Latin forms other than ultimate except in discussion of the language Latin or ...
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